Electrical Equipment Fault Diagnosis And Control

ABSTRACT

A system for automatically learning and adapting to the energy usage of an equipment installed at a facility or many pieces of equipment at a plurality of facilities, where the system is provided with an initial baseline energy usage signature for the equipment, which is modified by measured energy usage and by at least one peripheral sensor measurement data to create a modified energy usage signature. The system uses artificial intelligence to learn and adapt the baseline energy usage signature to learn the business operation and account for external variables such as temperature variance and increased business flow or an interaction between devices. The smart system can identify when a piece of equipment falls outside of “normal” operation and determines what automatic action is to be taken for that piece of equipment.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to systems and methods using machinelearning for monitoring and adjusting the function of energy consumingdevices across a facility to diagnose operations when these deviate fromexpected trends. A system of thresholds and alerts combined with machineintelligence is used to trigger equipment setpoints and enable/disablecircuitry to correct malfunctions and adjust for suboptimal equipmentperformance or interactions between equipment and overall facilityenergy consumption performance.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Consider the energy consumption of a building or facility and thevarious equipment drawing electrical current. This is a dynamicallychanging system that varies with the number of people at the facility atany given time, their setpoint preferences, the tasks they may beperforming, the purpose and function of the facility, as well as thelayout and structure of the building.

Environmental factors including for example, the amount of daylighthours, the wind direction, the amount of direct sunlight can all impactthe amount of energy consumed at the facility. Additionally, type ofbuilding materials used to construct the building, the number ofexternally exposed walls, the type and number of windows, the conditionof weather proofing, and so on, can all deeply impact energy usage andthe frequency at which equipment in the facility must operate.

Equipment utilizing energy (e.g., electricity, natural gas, oil,propane, etc.) may be installed in a non-removable fashion in thefacility including for example, hard-wired lights, commercial freezersand ovens, HVAC equipment, water heating equipment and so on. Removableequipment may also be connected to the building energy systems by meansof being plugged into various electrical outlets throughout the facilityat various times.

While most equipment is provided with information relating to therunning power usage of the equipment, it is difficult to accuratelypredict an overall energy consumption of a facility due, in part, to thelarge number of variables. These variables include variations in powerconsumption in the equipment itself as the equipment ages includingmaintenance or lack thereof, the manner of use of the equipment andenvironmental factors. It is difficult to ascertain whether each pieceof equipment is working as expected or if some equipment is working lessefficiently or if there are equipment related faults or external factorsnegatively impacting operation. These problems may be compounded by thefact that the equipment may continue to serve its intended purpose(e.g., the food is kept frozen, the space is heated, etc.) but theequipment is running sub-optimally having to working harder or longerthan should be expected. This results in higher energy costs, morerepair costs and shortened lifespan of the equipment.

Initially, when looking at the historical performance of any one deviceat a facility, a pattern of energy use emerges which can be mapped todetect whether a device is operating according to established norms.This is frequently done by ignoring normal deviations caused by routineactivities (e.g., when a door is opened, or other external factors areintroduced) and then measuring again when these factors are no longerpresent to see if the devices operation returns to the expected cycle.This approach is effective in discovering equipment faults (e.g., leakyseals, dirty coils and kinked lines), however, is not effective indetermining the devices performance in dynamically changingenvironments. For example, it could be that intense non-periodicactivity may cause the equipment to work outside of expected norms. Thiscan be very challenging for algorithms to compensate for as there may bemore “exceptions” than “normal” periods from which to measure andcompare data. As such, measurements used to extrapolate expected energyuse would be off considerably seeing as these variable equipmentoperating conditions are in fact, considered normal operation in such acase.

Additionally, even when devices operate within normal and expectedlimits, external factors influence operation. In one instance, openingof the door to take out supplies during normal business operationsletting warm air into a refrigerator must be taken into account. Inanother case, a hot stove next to a refrigerator that is operatingconstantly causes the refrigerator to work harder. Any attempt toestimate energy use for a facility that does not factor these types ofcommon event would be inaccurate.

Non-common events could also impact energy usage, such as a refrigeratordoor remaining partially open. This type of event should not bedisregarded because there is an opportunity to correct the event.

Finally, even when factoring in aspects such as the aging of equipmentto the device level measurements and the interaction effects acrossdevices and their environments which affect their consumption causingvariations to these expected patterns, without an understanding of theoverall system and the combination of devices optimization opportunitiescan be missed.

Monitoring and optimizing energy use at an individual piece ofequipment, while good, only brings a limited amount of efficiency.Knowledge of the overall facility coupled with monitoring and control ofthe individual pieces of equipment can provide a framework for facilityequipment optimization. For example, a facility that has large peaks ora large variation in energy use will pay more than one that manages toconsistently use energy minimizing peaks and valleys even when the totalenergy consumption is identical. However, control and optimization ofthis aggregate usage requires a view of the individual pieces ofequipment in a facility and their relationships with external factorsand any interdependencies. With the addition of machine learning, theoptimizations performed on a facility can be monitored and tracked todetect and react to anomalies in near-real time keeping the energyefficiency programs on track.

What is missing however, is a normalized and compensated set of datathat can account for these interactions to both detect when equipment isoperating poorly and when abnormal influences have occurred. What isalso missing is the ability to estimate energy savings opportunitieswhen upgrades are contemplated for a facility. Even after theirinstallation, the high number of variables in the system makes itdifficult to determine the savings obtained with any level of confidencewithout such a system.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,569,804 (Stein) discloses a system for energyconsumption and demand management where factors such as statisticalenergy usage are compared to external and environmental variables.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,370,283 (Pitcher) teaches a method of predicting energyusage for a single piece of equipment.

U.S. Pat. No. 10,770,898 (Beheshti et al.) teaches normalizing energyuse intensity values to compensate for variations in energy usage due toenvironment.

None of the cited references however, contemplate benchmarking data fromother similar sites or from other similarly installed equipment. None ofthe cited references teach applying machine learning to systemsincluding multiple energy consuming pieces of equipment. In all of thecases cited above, if a facility included an incorrectly sized HVACsystem installation, this system could potentially run veryinefficiently and that oversight and any potential savings would not befound. Rather, all of those systems could report excellent performancerelative to past performance and not raise any alarm.

It would thus be desirable for a system to have a set of baseline datafrom measuring energy use from individual pieces of equipment in afacility that establishes patterns for all such energy consumingequipment normalizing these across external influences. Such a systemcould determine whether such equipment was operating optimally and couldtrigger actions when anomalies were detected.

It would also be desirable for a system to combine the above readingsadding a compensation factor for normal business and environmental datasuch that even when equipment was functioning within operatingparameters, changes in energy consumption that did not follow expectednorms based on changes in business, any cross-device effects, andenvironmental data could be flagged.

It would also be desirable to have system that could estimate the energyconsumption of a facility and take into account any specific energyupgrades deployed at a facility, business type and volume, the utilitiesbilling model and any cross-device effects using these establishedbaselines to benchmark facilities and equipment to tell whether or notthe facility or the upgrades were working efficiently.

It would be further desirable if such a system were to determinepotential savings at a facility contemplating the installation ofupgrades and as well as recommend upgrades for a facility based onprevious benchmarks. Such a system might also be able to detect whetherall of the devices within such a facility were operating efficiently,not only by comparing these to historical data from the same facilitybut by using benchmarks established by similar installations at otherfacilities.

It would thus be very beneficial to have a system capable of applyingmachine learning and utilizing environmental factors along withequipment, business and equipment related data to determine a baselinefor a facility. It would be further beneficial to be able to use such abaseline to assess how a building is performing independent of priorhistorical data but rather computed directly from baseline data createdfrom similar facilities using similar equipment.

Therefore, a need exists for a system that can apply machine learning tosystems comprising multiple energy consuming devices at a facility toestablish benchmarks at a facility level based on both individual piecesof equipment and their energy consumption as well as taking into accountrelationships between the individual pieces of equipment as well asbusiness and environmental factors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

What is desired then is to provide a system and method that can measure,predict and model energy utilization for a facility having many energyconsuming devices based on a measured energy usage signature taking intoaccount interrelationships between devices and the impacts of externalfactors.

What is also desired is to provide a system and method that can applymachine learning to measure, predict and model energy utilization for afacility having many energy consuming devices.

What is further desired is to provide a system and method that comparesa facilities energy utilization to a baseline representing expectedenergy utilization, which has been created from similar facilities inorder to assess expected energy usage.

What is still further desired is to provide a system and method thatuses historical data and knowledge about the billing models coupled withmachine learning to improve the accuracy of the energy predictions overtime and is also capable of diagnosing aberrations to the expectedpatterns taking into account relationships between the individual piecesof equipment as well as business and environmental factors.

With the prevalence of low-cost sensors and Internet of Things (IoT)devices, it is possible to monitor virtually all aspects of a facilityto obtain the data needed to form such correlations. This can beaccomplished using sub-metering, smart plugs and sensors forenvironmental and business activities. This allows a system to monitorat an electrical outlet level, at a room level or even within proximityof devices. Additionally, outside feeds of environmental data allow forreal time (or near real time) data for dynamic power signatureadjustment. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/110,961 filed on Dec. 3,2020 to which this application claims priority, provides for a systemthat utilizes artificial intelligence to monitor, learn and adjust thefunctioning of energy consuming devices, the specification of which isincorporated herein by reference.

The result is a system and method that can react quickly to inconsistentenergy usage that does not adhere to the expected energy usage patterns.These changes in patterns should be detectable and intelligent data canbe extracted from the observed deviation in patterns. Externalinfluences such as environmental variations can be correlated andfactored in with the specific device operation. Business variation canbe derived, in part, through sensors showing movement, door openings,room occupancy and volume of production. For example, food preparationcycles in a restaurant setting.

Further, even when making changes through the installation of energyefficient devices or other energy savings initiatives, it is difficultto measure the impact of these without an adjusted baseline. If anintelligent baseline that adjusts for external factors and dependenciesis achieved, the impact of such changes would be measurable andpredictable.

In particular, a system and method is provided that incorporatesself-learning software that monitors a variety of input data fromvarious equipment that is being measured throughout a facility alongwith external sensors and feeds providing business volume andenvironmental data. The system “learns” patterns of operation for theequipment and adjusts for this based on environmental data creating abaseline. These baselines are further used to benchmark similarfacilities and similar equipment at other facilities.

A set of normalized data (stripping out influences) is created tocompare device operation regardless of environment. The systemspecifically increases the operating efficiency of the computer-basedmonitoring system by adjusting the baseline with expected operationaldata for the equipment taking into consideration things such as the age,efficiency, and life expectancy of the equipment. This data allows thesystem to determine if a particular piece of equipment at the facilityis operating according to the established benchmarks for the equipment,independent of the environment.

A second set of compensated data is created which includes and factorsin the influences present in the normal operation of the system. Thesystem accounts for normal influences from the environment and businessdynamics to create a model of how the devices would be expected toconsume energy and adjusts this model under the normal operation of thebusiness predicting and compensating for these influences on theexpected energy consumption of the equipment. Abnormal variations tothese patterns are detected by comparing the compensated or locationtuned expected behavior with what is actually measured. This data allowsthe system to determine how the facility and all its equipment isfunctioning as a whole in relation to the business volume andenvironment.

The system can also account for energy consumption billing nuances fromthe utility providing the energy. For example, utilities can adjustenergy consumption rates based on time of day, seasons, tiered levels,consistency of use, and peak demand. The result is a system thatself-learns and self-adjusts accounting for device performance withinthe context of the overall business resulting in much greater operatingefficiency through the accurate detection of anomalies, reduction infalse positive alarms for both the computer-based monitoring system andthe equipment that is being monitored, and adherence to efficient energyuse with respect to billing models.

It should be noted that the system described herein provides formonitoring and characterizing the energy usage at a facility employingmany energy-consuming devices/equipment via a network connection to acomputing device. The system allows for automated issuance ofremote-control commands, maintenance or diagnostic commands includingthe triggering of service calls for the checking and/or replacement ofequipment or the changing of procedures or deployment of servicepersonnel to optimize energy efficiency and react to any failure,pending failure or degradation of equipment or substantial deviation tothe expected energy consumption can occur.

In some instances, the automated action may comprise taking additionaland different types of diagnostic measurements including running theequipment through a diagnostic sequence to gather more comprehensivedata. In other instances, the automated action may comprise adjustingthe running of the equipment to a preset level while or until thedetected deviation from the expected energy pattern can be resolved.Still further, the automated action could comprise running the equipmentthrough a sequence of steps that are modified based on the gathering ofmore comprehensive data from a measurement device or a set of relatedand potentially separate independent sensors or external feeds providingdata from existing databases or data gathering services, such as weathernetworks. In another configuration, the automated action could be toadjust the running of one or more pieces of equipment across thefacility.

Additionally, a peripheral or secondary device may be provided thatincludes a controller, one or more peripheral sensors coupled to thecontroller configured to detect one or more in room parameters, e.g.,occupancy, contact sensing such as door openings, and the like via awireless communication interface. The device may also communicatethrough low power wireless signals, such as Wi-Fi, to a remote computersystem, which may store data from the sensor(s), analyze the data,generate an action, and/or generate reports and alerts based at least inpart on the data. This data can also come from external feeds, manualinputs, or interfaces with existing environmental data feeds. Thisperipheral or secondary data can be correlated with the first devicedata to alter the model reflecting expected energy consumption. Thisnormalization makes it possible to adjust for the impact of externalfactors and both normalized and compensated data sets continuediagnosing equipment operation within the context of the operatingenvironment allowing for dynamic adjustment based on the secondary data.

In an exemplary embodiment, these sensors are placed in a facility tocapture temperature, humidity, and room occupancy or business activityalong with the power consumption of equipment. A single sensor fortemperature and occupancy may be used depending on whether it is desiredto measure temperature and occupancy in multiple places in a facility.For the interaction between equipment, it may be desirable to measurethe temperature in the vicinity to a given equipment to accuratelyreflect the impact temperature may have on the functioning of theequipment. It will be understood by those of skill in the art that thesensor measuring power consumption captures data at intervals sufficientto map a baseline. This would include turning the equipment on,measuring the equipment while it is running, and cycling the equipmentoff. It is contemplated that multiple cycles should be measured. In oneconfiguration, non-sequential cycles may be measured taken at differenttimes of the day. IoT sensors allow for the ability to report data inreal time.

In still another configuration, the system compares detailed usage ofequipment at a facility comparing these with benchmarked data andinitiates remedial action if facilities are underperforming. Thisremedial action can include a remote-control change of settings, thedisabling of equipment and/or enabling of replacement or alternateequipment to better serve the facility or a dispatch of technicians.

In accordance with another configuration, the system estimates expectedsavings from equipment upgrades so that new baselines are created forthe more efficient equipment. The reduced energy usage is determinedfrom historical measurements of the same or similar equipment, knowledgeof the environment, the previously deployed equipment, and knowledge ofthe business activity as it translates into the duty cycle of theequipment. Tight control of energy consumption can also account forbilling rate factors such as peak demand and differing rates for timesof day. The operation of the equipment should also be controlled so asto minimize the cost of operation based on the variable billing rates.As a practical matter, this can be achieved by the scheduling of“normal” activities such as defrost cycles or modifying HVAC setpointsto account for peak demands on energy at the facility. It is furthercontemplated that multiple facilities could be controlled in this mannerto ensure the aggregate energy consumption of a plurality of facilitiescan be maintained below a specified level.

In another configuration, the system shows historical data andcomparative data in the form of a dashboard as a graphical userinterface on a computer in various easy to understand and compareformats from multiple sources allowing an operator to easily andvisually benchmark and compare different equipment at different sites,as well as to compare one site against others.

In another configuration, the system shows benchmark data includingmeasurements over time of particular types of equipment in a dashboardlike view allowing a user to see and compare equipment from the samemanufacturer to look at variances across equipment as well as variancesover time to measure degradation and potential for imminent failure.

It is further contemplated that the system will display measurementsover time for different types of equipment that perform the same or asimilar function allowing for comparison of the equipment.

In addition, the invention is further directed at predicting andbenchmarking similar sets of facilities with similar equipment installedto determine underperforming facilities and providing recommendationsfor remedial actions.

For this application, the following terms and definitions shall apply:

The term “data” as used herein means any indicia, signals, marks,symbols, domains, symbol sets, representations, and any other physicalform or forms representing information, whether permanent or temporary,whether visible, audible, acoustic, electric, magnetic, electromagneticor otherwise manifested. The term “data” as used to representpredetermined information in one physical form shall be deemed toencompass any and all representations of the same predeterminedinformation in a different physical form or forms.

The term “network” as used herein includes both networks andinternetworks of all kinds, including the Internet, and is not limitedto any particular network or inter-network.

The terms “coupled”, “coupled to”, “coupled with”, “connected”,“connected to”, and “connected with” as used herein each mean arelationship between or among two or more devices, apparatus, files,programs, applications, media, components, networks, systems,subsystems, and/or means, constituting any one or more of (a) aconnection, whether direct or through one or more other devices,apparatus, files, programs, applications, media, components, networks,systems, subsystems, or means, (b) a communications relationship,whether direct or through one or more other devices, apparatus, files,programs, applications, media, components, networks, systems,subsystems, or means, and/or (c) a functional relationship in which theoperation of any one or more devices, apparatus, files, programs,applications, media, components, networks, systems, subsystems, or meansdepends, in whole or in part, on the operation of any one or more othersthereof.

The terms “process” and “processing” as used herein each mean an actionor a series of actions including, for example, but not limited to, thecontinuous or non-continuous, synchronous or asynchronous, routing ofdata, modification of data, formatting and/or conversion of data,tagging or annotation of data, measurement, comparison and/or review ofdata, and may or may not comprise a program.

The terms “first” and “second” and “third” are used to distinguish oneelement, set, data, object or thing from another, and are not used todesignate relative position or arrangement in time.

In one configuration, a system for automatically learning and adaptingto the energy usage of an equipment operating according to a controlinput, the system comprising: a computer having a storage and coupled toa network, an energy consumption sensor and at least one peripheralsensor each associated with the equipment and coupled to the computer,and software executing on the computer including a baseline energy usagesignature for the equipment. The system is provided such that the energyconsumption sensor measures an energy consumption of the equipmentduring a first measurement period and generates first energy consumptiondata, and the at least one peripheral sensor measuring a parameterduring the first measurement period and generating first peripheralmeasurement data. The system is further provided such that the softwaremodifies the baseline energy usage signature based on the first energyconsumption data and the first peripheral measurement data to generate amodified baseline energy usage signature, and the energy consumptionsensor measuring an energy usage of the equipment during operation ofthe equipment and generating energy usage data. Finally, the softwarecompares the energy usage data to the modified baseline energy usagesignature to determine if a threshold deviation has been reached, thethreshold including both magnitude and timing characteristics, and whenthe energy usage data exceeds the threshold deviation, the softwareinitiates an action associated with the equipment selected from thegroup consisting of: running the equipment through a diagnostic routine,setting the equipment to a preset level of operation, setting theequipment to a preset duration of operation, turning the equipment off,cycling the equipment, generating an alarm and combinations thereof.

In another configuration, a method for automatically learning andadapting to the energy usage of an equipment operating according to acontrol input with a computer having a storage and having softwareexecuting thereon and coupled to a network is provided, the methodcomprising the software performing the steps of: measuring energyconsumption of the equipment during a first measurement period with anenergy consumption sensor and generating first energy consumption data,transmitting the first energy consumption data to the computer, andmeasuring a parameter during the first measurement period with aperipheral sensor and generating first peripheral measurement data. Themethod further comprises the steps of: transmitting the first peripheralmeasurement data to the computer, and modifying a baseline energy usagesignature for the equipment based on the first energy consumption dataand the first peripheral measurement data to generate a modifiedbaseline energy usage signature. The method still further comprises thesteps of: measuring an energy usage of the equipment during operationwith the energy consumption sensor and generating energy usage data andcomparing the energy usage data to the modified baseline energy usagesignature to determine if a threshold deviation has been reached, thethreshold including both magnitude and timing characteristics. Themethod is provided such that when the energy usage data exceeds thethreshold deviation, the software initiates an action associated withthe equipment selected from the group consisting of: running theequipment through a diagnostic routine, setting the equipment to apreset level of operation, setting the equipment to a preset duration ofoperation, turning the equipment off, cycling the equipment, generatingan alarm and combinations thereof.

Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparentfrom consideration of the following description taken in conjunctionwith the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a drawing of the typical flow in baselining a facility for theenergy savings program.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the collection points and monitoringpoints of a sample piece of equipment at a facility according to oneconfiguration.

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram depicting typical remedial actionsavailable for energy usage capture via monitoring according to thesystem of FIG. 2 .

FIG. 4 depicts a typical geographic dashboard view of multiplefacilities being monitored and/or controlled according to the system ofFIG. 2 .

FIG. 5 shows a statistical view of savings over time in a dashboard viewaccording to the system of FIG. 2 .

FIG. 6 shows a holistic view to utilizing machine learning at a facilitylevel according to the system of FIG. 2 .

FIG. 7 shows an example energy usage curves for a piece of equipment andillustrated compensation table for business and environmental factors.

FIG. 8 shows the facility energy management system adapting operatingprocesses based on energy use and billing information according to thesystem of FIG. 2 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The reference numbers in specific figures refer to elements in thosefigures. Turning to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a typical flow inbaselining a facility for the energy savings programs.

Initially monitoring equipment is installed in the facility andmeasurements are taken (501) in order to form an existing baseline forthe facility. Once the baseline is established, new equipment isinstalled (502) with the goal of obtaining expected energy reductions.

Based on the type of equipment installed, the environment and theexpected duty cycle, a determination of expected energy usage is made(503), which can be used to estimate reduced energy costs.

Once the equipment is installed (502) and the baseline expected savingsis calculated (503) against a known baseline (501), monitoring (504) ofenergy consumption takes place and the measurements of actual savingsare compared to expected savings.

External variables (505) are captured through the use of peripheralsensors or external feeds such as weather and operating conditions,which may affect energy consumption, and these are combined with themonitoring data (504) to make a calculation of the expected energyconsumption (506).

If there is a variance of expected versus actual savings (507) then aset of thresholds determining allowable variances (508) are measured.The thresholds may be absolute power consumption values but may also bedictated by the billing model with some additional weighting. Examplesinclude “tiers” of energy use where crossing over to the next “tier” mayimpact billing rates, and thus tighter constraints are places of thefacility as it nears these thresholds. If the established thresholds arenot met, then remedial actions (509) are taken, which may includedispatching of a technician, shutting down equipment to preventfailures, changing setpoints and the timing of certain operations and soforth.

Both abnormal and normal variances may occur where normal variances arepart of the expected consumption (503) based on the monitoring ofexternal variables (505) and the calculations made on expectedconsumption (506). Abnormal variations would trigger exceptions andremedial actions (509). These remedial actions may include devicerepairs and maintenance, but may also include changes to operationalprocesses, setpoints or procedures.

Some simple examples of such situations include a clothes dryer with ablocked vent due the buildup of lint. Here, while the clothes may stillget dry, the dryer will require more time and thus use more energy todry a load of laundry. This type of blockage, when detected on the dryervent filter itself, may be easy to detect and resolve. However, it willbe understood that vents can also get blocked further down in theexhaust tubing, may experience a folded or crimped exhaust tube, or ablocked exit vent making diagnosis more difficult. The entry of heatedand humid air into a facility may also negatively impact the HVAC systemperformance, which must now perform additional cooling cycles tocompensate.

Even under normal business circumstances when considering a kitchencontaining a baking oven, it would be reasonable to expect the interiortemperature to rise as the ovens operate. This would in turn, cause theHVAC to operate harder in order to compensate for the additional heatcoming from the ovens as food is being prepared. Further, when vents arein operation pulling air-conditioned air out of the premises, it alsocauses the HVAC to work harder. This is calculated as part of theexpected consumption (506) using adjusted or compensated models.

Another example is a hot water heater that has a leaking pressurerelease valve. While hot water is available for normal operations, theconstant outflow of hot water through the pressure release valve intothe drain requires the hot water heater to heat much more water than itwould under normal circumstances resulting in a higher energy bill. Onceagain, the problem may be difficult to detect as the hot water heaterseems to be operating normally as hot water is adequately supplied.Similarly, one or more leaking faucets dripping hot water would alsogenerate a loss of heated water and a subsequent increase in energy useby the hot water heater. In these types of cases, these energy “leaks”are not calculated as part of the expected consumption (506) and wouldgenerate alerts and remedial actions (509) as they would not resolvewith the expected usage under the given environmental and businesscircumstances.

Yet another example would be a freezer with a leaking seal. Depending onthe magnitude of the leak, it is conceivable that the freezer stillmanages to hold a steady temperature in the desired range. To do sohowever, requires additional cycles of the compressor due to the leakageof the faulty seal. Here again, it may not be obvious that such aproblem exists, and one may continue to operate the freezer as if allwere normal but in so doing, wasting energy and increasing costs due tothe compressor cycling more frequently than it would if the freezer hada sound seal.

The resultant cost of such problems can add up quickly, and ifundiagnosed and left uncorrected resultant energy bills increase andenergy is wasted. Likewise, the lifespan of the equipment is reducedbecause of the increase run time. It is often the reception of theenergy bill from the utility that is the first indication of a potentialproblem where an increased overall cost is detected. This may be theonly symptom, and by this time the energy has been used and theresultant cost has already been added to the bill. Even then, the changemay fall within seasonal variances and therefore go undetected and noaction taken. Depending on the issue, the degraded system may become the“new normal” and simply accepted with the increased cost leading to anongoing cycle of wasted energy and unnecessary costs.

Often these problems arise slowly with creeping incremental costs makingthem harder to identify. The system may continue to degrade addingincrementally more and more energy cost as the problem worsens.Depending on the rate of change and perhaps the overall contribution ofthe individual circuit to the whole, these increases may also goundetected and addressed until the system in question fails completely.If the hot water heater running full time triples the cost of the hotwater heated but this amount is only 1% of the overall energy bill for alarge building with many such heaters, even such an increase in energycost and drastic waste of energy may go unnoticed. There may be manysuch ongoing issues throughout any given building that are undiagnosedand unaddressed. It is thus important that the expected consumption(506) based on the normalized and compensated values derived fromequipment baselines (501) and peripheral sensors and feeds or externaldata (505) and the thresholds used in the variance (507) calculations beset to detect these systems and trigger remedial actions (509) before alarge amount of energy is consumed.

To further complicate matters, the people in charge of processing andpaying the energy bills may be less attentive to small variances in theenergy consumption and cost. These problems may go undetected andunaddressed for long periods of time with each month entailingincrementally more expense than necessary. To make matters worse, thesesame people may simply budget more for energy use in future based onactual results perpetuating the problem. Thus again, the remedialactions (509) that are triggered are clear cut directions andinstructions on what must be done and require little interpretation oranalysis.

In addition to the resultant expense increase, many such problems canalso affect the lifespan of the equipment and potentially lead to afailure of the equipment resulting in even more cost to replace it alongwith the additional inconveniences that a failed system brings. A brokenfreezer may result in a loss of inventory, a failed HVAC unit may resultin the temporary closure of a business. Through the tracking of remedialactions (509) and the logging of these in an audit trail (510) there isa historical record.

Turning now to FIG. 2 . we see typical collection points for energyusage capture via monitoring. Energy devices (613, 621 a, 621 b, 621 c,621 d, 621 e) can be monitored in one or more ways as depicted. Largerdevices such as HVAC units, walk-in freezers and refrigerators and largeovens are often connected (612) directly to the electrical panel (611).In such cases, a panel line monitor or meter (616) is used and deploys aline monitor (615) such as a current transformer, which measures theelectrical use of the appliance via the line at the panel (611) wherethe connection (612) to the energy consuming device (613) is made.

In another case, an inline monitor (614) such as a switch, or a plugwith intelligence to measure and monitor load is connected (620) betweenthe energy consuming device (621 a-621 e) and the electrical panel (611)to measure, for example, current draw. This monitor (614) can be at theplug level or switch level and monitors all the devices (621 a-621 e)that are connected to the monitor. The inline plug or switch (614) isthen connected (620) to the electrical panel (611).

In yet another case, a facilities controller (618) or a remotemonitoring computer (619) may connect directly to the device (613) viaan Application Program Interface API (617) to communicate directly withthe device(s) which may have built in functions to measure current useas well as run diagnostics or perform control actions.

In many situations, separate monitoring sensors (610) are deployed tomeasure things like temperature, humidity, vibration, opening/closing ofdoors, or room occupancy. These may or may not require separate powerand may be connected to the electrical panel (611).

In any of these situations, the monitoring data collected by the panelline monitor (616) through the line monitoring connection (615), or thein-line monitor (614) or directly through the API (617) of the device iscollected by a facilities controller on site (618) and may be sent to anoptional remote monitoring computer (619). The remote monitoringcomputer (619) may also in some cases connect directly with the panelline monitor (616), the inline monitor (614) or the API (617) of anenergy consuming device (613, 621 a-621 e).

There are many ways to capture and look at the energy consumption forcomparison sake and for benchmarking a particular facility, or tocompare facilities. Metering is one way to get exact usage, but evenlooking at longer cycles such as Avg KWh for a freezer can be useful tocompare its operation under normal operating conditions. Another methodis to look at the percentage of the main, or the total power. This alsogives a comparative measure as business conditions vary scaling up ordown.

When a customer of the utility receives an energy bill, they will likelysee only a large aggregate amount of usage listed for the billing periodby the utility. This does little to give insight into individualconsumption of systems that are running. Without the addition ofmonitoring equipment, it is impossible to isolate the consumption and toassociate it with the devices in the facility, never mind benchmarkusage and detect underperforming devices or potentially problematicdevices.

Machine learning however, is particularly well suited to address thesemulti-faceted problems. The correlation of a large number of energyconsumption patterns and the analysis of impacts across such a largepool of readings is very complex. Through pattern recognition andlearning protocols, machines can detect anomalies in thismulti-dimensional space that would be unobvious to those looking at theresults. Even if a problem is suspected, diagnosis can be elusive, andmachine learning is able to hone in on root causes.

With the advent of smart plugs and other IoT (Internet of Things)metering devices, it is possible to install equipment in a building tocapture sensor data (610) and monitor the consumption of one or moreenergy consuming devices (613, 621 a-621 e) and report this utilizationback to a central system (619). When devices are reporting consumptioninformation at frequent intervals, this flow of data can be overwhelmingto those trying to make sense of it. Furthermore, even having this datadoes not always aid in the diagnosis or decision-making process indetecting the equipment that may be in need of repair or servicing.

Even when looking at the data for each piece of equipment separately andestablishing patterns, the data on its own is missing much of thecontext that would help to interpret it. Looking at the hourlyconsumption of thousands of devices without knowing what normalconsumption in the current context should be does not allow for muchmore that the detection of the most severe of anomalies. Benchmarking ofequipment when newly installed and knowing the expected consumptionpatterns of this equipment as it ages is an important factor for beingable to determine if equipment is working optimally or not. Benchmarkingthese across like facilities provides additional context and validation.External environmental factors can also affect how much energy isconsumed and, in some cases, problems may be interrelated and thus thefacilities controller (618) can correlate and interpret this data fromindividual devices (613, 621 a-621 e) monitors (614) and sensors (610).

Turning now to FIG. 3 . we see a block diagram depicting typicalremedial actions available for energy usage capture via monitoring. Theenergy consuming devices (707, 613, 713, 621 a, 621 b, 621 c, 621 d, 621e) can be controlled in one or more ways as depicted. In some cases,heavy equipment (613) is connected (612) directly to the electricalpanel (701) as in the case of HVAC or Walk-in freezers or refrigerators.These devices (613) are connected (612) to the electrical panel (701)and a panel level meter (705) is deployed. The panel level meter mayinclude line monitors (714 a, 714 b, 714 c, 714 d) such as currenttransformers. Data is collected about the operation of the energyconsuming device (613) through the line monitors (714 a-714 d) andtransmitted to the facilities controller (709), which may, in turn,transmit the data to a remote control and monitor computer (619). Inother cases, in-line metering through power switches or plugs (614) isprovided for equipment such as lights or other plug-in equipment withoutdedicated circuits. In these cases, the inline metering switches andplugs are connected (713) to the electrical panel (701) and the datacollected by the inline metering switch or plug (614) is alsocommunicated to the facilities controller (709). One of skill in the artwill recognize that connections may be wired or wireless. In some cases,the facilities controller (709) can also communicate directly withdevices and sensors (707, 613, 713, 610, 621 a-621 e) through an API(708, 617, 714, 715) to both collect and manage or issue commands tothese devices. Note that in addition to the device data, other sensorsmay be deployed (610) which also collect data unrelated to electricalusage and can include temperature, humidity, occupancy among otherthings. This data is also collected by the facilities controller (709)for decision making purposes.

The facilities controller (709) and/or the remote computer (619)correlate the data received from devices and sensors and make decisionson actions to take. These decisions include control functions on thedevices issued remotely, as well as, triggering remedial actions whichmay involve manual intervention such as dispatching a technician.Additional changes could involve making changes to facility proceduresand processes (720). This may be done directly from facility controller(709) or through the central monitoring systems (619) and the proceduresare show in this depiction as being in the cloud. For example, anautomatic defrost cycle could be rescheduled to a different time.

In one scenario, if a device (613) is determined to have failed, aswitch to a backup device (713) may be done if such a device isavailable such as a backup generator. Depending on the availability ofcommands supported in the API, other command sequences such as resettingthe device, going back to default settings or other such control actionscan also be initiated on one or both of the energy consuming devices(613) and the backup device (713) through their respective APIS (617,714). In other situations, direct power off can be triggered throughcommunications with in-line power switches (614) or panel level switches(705) to power off the devices.

In other configurations, a control device (707) may be used to managethe energy consuming device (613) and commands may be sent to thiscontrol device (707) through its own API (708) from either a facilitiescontroller (709) or a remote computer (619) through the cloud. Thiscontrol device (707) could be a temperature sensor with setpoints andprogram cycles that can be used to set operating programs for the energyconsuming device (613) directly through either the device (613) API(617) or simply by controlling the power (612) to the device. While FIG.3 shows the device (613) power (612) connected to the Panel (701)through the control device (707), this device (613) can also beconnected (612) directly to the panel (701) without such an intermediateconnection, as will a control device (707) which is always on.

Additional monitoring sensors/peripheral sensors (610) may be deployedto measure things like temperature, humidity, vibration, opening/closingof doors, or room occupancy. Peripheral sensors can include occupancysensors, which can take varied forms and essentially track activitydetecting and counting occupants in an area. Infrared or break-beamsensors have a transmitter and receiver across a common area, such as adoor and they count people as they walk by breaking the beam. Ultrasonicsensors bounce sound waves off people as they walk by detecting changesin the return timing of the bounced sounds. Thermal sensors use bodyheat and computer vision to identify people whereas density sensors usedepth data. Cameras or optical vision sensors determine movement andcount people by detecting shapes and movement. Wi-Fi or BLE (Bluetoothlow energy) sensors track devices, such as personal phones to countpeople. In these cases, one can take data about both energy use, andenvironmental data and business data to make decisions. For example, adevice that may be overheating can be temporarily turned off or shutdown to let it cool before resuming normal operation.

Control of the devices (707, 613, 713, 610, 621 a-621 e) may also bedone simply to limit peak usage of electricity rather than deal with animmediate or pending device failure or malfunction.

In one example, consider a dryer vent that has come lose from itsexhaust outlet that is now exhausting hot air directly into the normallyair-conditioned space in which it is operating. While the problem isclearly with the dryer, the performance of the dryer and its energyconsumption may remain the same, as ultimately it is venting well andable to perform its function adequately without any need for additionalenergy. Rather, the air-conditioning unit faced with an inflow of hotair and added humidity must now cycle more frequently in an attempt tocool this air and keep the room at the stable temperature as per the setpoint adjustment of the temperature sensor. In such a case, a humiditysensor (610) may detect internal humidity and correlate this withadditional energy consumption of the HVAC generating remedial actionsthat can disable the dryer or raise an alarm. In the case that the dryeris gas-powered, a carbon monoxide sensor (610) detects harmful amountsof carbon monoxide, the whole facility may be shut down and evacuated aspart of the remedial actions. This can be signaled by a separatealerting device (725).

Equipment types and their consumption vary greatly as does the locationand method with which to monitor them. For example, HVAC units, ovens,and hot water heaters are typically on their own dedicated circuits andone would install monitoring (705) at the electrical panel (714 a-714d). These are often the largest consumers and are thus excellentcandidates for monitoring. Other devices such as lights, or electricaloutlets may share a circuit and while they can be monitored in theaggregate at the circuit level at the panel, smart plugs (614) andswitches can also be deployed that report energy usage at a moregranular level for these types of equipment directly from the plug loador switch. As electrical devices continue to become more intelligent,the electrical device may be able to communicate with the smart outletor controller to identify itself.

Failure types or fault types are numerous and range from human oroperational errors, such as, forgetting to turn off the lights or powerdown equipment; to accidental damage, such as, a seal that gets damagedon a freezer door, or a coolant line that gets bent. Simple degradationor lack of maintenance can also become problematic such as lettingcoolant levels get low, the accumulation of dust or grime on coils, oreven the blocking of vents or airflow by the stacking of supplies,interference by pests, or introduction of debris. Resolution to suchproblems may simply be updating facility processes and procedures (720).

In many circumstances, equipment may also compete to control theenvironment causing unnecessary energy waste. Examples of this caneasily be found on shoulder seasons when both heat and air conditioningmay be activated at the same time to attempt to keep a room comfortable.The setpoints are often not calibrated or set to be complementary andthus two systems may be competing.

Even when considering two identical facilities with similar businessvolumes and similar or identical equipment in the same climatic zone, itis possible that human elements come into play. Consider a worker whointentionally leaves a door open, or perhaps one who simply wants to getfresh air or enjoys a breeze without consideration to the energy cost.Or, it could be that another worker decides to operate a space heater.Another may charge their electric car daily while at work. Thesesituations, do not adhere to operational policies (720), are outside ofthe normal operating parameters.

In another such situation, one worker decides to use the corporate breadovens to bake goods for personal use. This type of outside activitycannot be derived from the business volume, however, would certainlyaffect energy consumption. In such cases, triggering an abnormal alarmthat there is an undue percentage of baking for the amount of businessmay narrow down the detection of these anomalies.

If something has happened such as a freezer door getting bent, orcondenser coils crushed, or even boxes being put on top of a coolingcage restricting airflow, a change in consumption can be observed almostimmediately. It may not be immediately recognized as a problem as anincrease in energy consumption could also indicate the addition of“warm” items or restocking of supplies into the freezer. However, over alonger time period this deviation would be recognized as a fault andtrigger some action, such as, the dispatch of a technician to determinethe cause. The ability to predict or narrow down potential issuedthrough prior machine learning of symptoms, causes and conditions wouldalso allow such a technician to go better prepared potentially beingable to resolve the problem in a single trip.

In other cases, a device may suddenly cease operating. In this instance,it is likely that a failure has occurred. It could also be that a manualintervention has occurred to turn the unit off. Typical monitors wouldonly capture current draw and would only report that the device is nolonger drawing current. Cameras (730) or microphones can be deployed inconjunction with monitors to give a visual or audible indication,enhancements in audio and video recognition and robotic processautomation may also allow for automated actions to be generated fromthese feeds. In other cases, devices can provide diagnostic or errorcodes directly through APIs (714, 617, 708, 715) or when powered off ornon-responsive, the lack of connection capability also signals an alarmthat the device has failed.

Occasionally, conditions may be related, and the system can combinemultiple data points. For example, if the temperature in a freezer isrising fast when the compressor turns off, it is most likely due to aleak. However, if the temperature stays consistent when the compressorturns off, it could be that the compressor itself is failing. Additionalsensors (610) can be added to capture more data such as door open, frostbuildup, coil or coolant temperature, or outside temperature andhumidity.

The system can be automated to detect and diagnose system faults andtake the appropriate corrective action. This may in some cases be simplycontacting someone to let them know a door is suspected of having beenleft open, but in other cases a system fault requiring parts may triggera dispatch request or even the ordering of parts if spares are not kept.In other cases, to preserve the system and avoid catastrophic failurethe system may take automated action such as turning off or adjustingthe operating parameters where interfaces to do so exist. For example, afreezer that has a coolant leak may burn out the compressor should itcontinue to run before service can be had. In these cases, turning offthe compressor may be the best option generating the appropriatealerting (725) for operators to take notice. In another case, such asthe case of the hot water heater with the leaking pressure releasevalve, turning off the element, at least during off hours, could savesubstantial energy until such time that these can be replaced. In othersituations, a device may have overheated, and may only have to be turnedoff for a short time. In some cases, separate sensors (610) may bedeployed to monitor operating conditions that are not available fromenergy consumption data or device APIs alone.

Other examples are not as straight forward, and the system employspredictive analytics based on historical data to diagnose conditionswith a degree of confidence. For example, if one has many months of dataand has experienced multiple failures of a given type, looking back overthe data to correlate readings that led up to the failures are used topredict the same failure happening with other units. Predictiveanalytics can provide such predictions with a degree of confidence thattypically increases as the data set grows. For example, if nine timesout of ten we've seen a compressor failure within a month after acertain cycling pattern has been detected, we can say with 90%probability that a potential failure is imminent and provide appropriatealerting (725). Machine learning from programmed models is also employedfor known scenarios.

The real time detection of failures allows for ‘fixing’ or ‘reacting’ toevents relatively quickly and to avoid unnecessary energy consumption.Practical actions can be taken with a real impact to both preserving thelife of equipment, reacting quickly to keep businesses operational, andeliminate wasted energy due to failed and degraded equipment.

A remote-control action such as changing a set point on a device,resetting a device, adjusting a device, dimming the lights to minimizepeak energy use, among other things are undertaken by the system.

The dispatch of a technician or creation of a work order or the sendingof an alert via email that triggers an action is done by the system toreact to and alert (725) based on real world problems.

In summary, the system is able to find a problem, drill down anddetermine the root cause of the problem, often as a result of analyticsand machine learning from past data, and then automatically and remotelyinstitute a change via remote control.

Turning now to FIG. 4 . we see a typical dashboard view of informationfrom a central monitoring site of the system depicting multiple sitesbeing monitored. There is a geographic view (801) showing pointsrepresenting the individual facilities depicted in their geographiclocations. A set of filters and search criteria (802) are presented ontop to allow for narrowing down of the results depicted in thegeographic view (801). Further aggregate statistics about electricityuse and other selectable parameters are shown in highlighted boxes (803)in this dashboard view. Underperforming facilities can be shown inhighlighted colors allowing users to focus on these facilities to seemore detailed statistics.

Turning now to FIG. 5 a statistical view of savings over time isprovided. The x-axis (401) shows time periods with total savings shownin a bar chart format (402). Selectors and filters are shown in a header(403) allowing for the selection and searching of individual facilitiesor groups of facilities by various options. Further, selections ofactual or expected savings can be selected (404). If facilities are notachieving the expected energy reduction, one can drill down to see theunderperforming devices and take remedial actions. The bar chart-basedcomparisons (402) can be used to show facilities, groups of devices orindividual devices, circuits, or submetering values. They can be used toshow energy use (404) or can also be used to show other data derivedfrom sensors such as humidity, vibration, occupancy etc.

When considering expected savings, the system determines trends andestimates based on historical benchmarks. For example, in a QSR (QuickServer Restaurant) after having changed to LED lighting in hundreds oflocations, it is seen that this change should achieve a decrease inenergy use of 8% on average.

An interquartile range method is used to filter out outliers or extremevalues, and thus values are extrapolated using the median as opposed tothe mean. The interquartile range is used to run the analysis andpredict the outcomes. This is achieved by splitting the data set it two,determining the middle of both halves, and then using the data set fromthe middle of the lower ½ to the middle of the upper ½. To illustrate,assume a grouping of the numbers 1 through 10. We would split the numberset in ½ obtaining two sets where the first set is the group 1-5, andthe second set is the group 6-10. The middle of the first set, 1-5,would be 3 and the middle of the second set, 6-10, would be 8. Now, torun the analysis, we would run the number set from 3-8 to obtain ourestimate. In this case, the estimate is 5 and using either the wholedata set or the interquartile range gives the same results. In typicalexamples, the outliers would be exceptions, perhaps odd-ballinstallations or errors which could skew the typical result. In a dataset where most numbers range between 4-6, but we have the odd 10 or 0,it is best to strip out these extremes and use the interquartile rangemethod.

In determining expected savings there may also be some expectedvariance. For example, seasonal variations compensating for temperaturechanges and business conditions may have a major impact. For thisreason, a rolling 12- or 24-month group of values is used to be able tocompare and analyze the dataset from year-to-year accounting forseasonality by comparing year to year data from the same month.

Another driver may be business or operational considerations. Forexample, external factors such as being next to a university campuswhich lets out for summer. In this case, the seasonality method ofcomparing year to year same month results will account for changes fromthese predictable school breaks and resumptions.

Take however the construction of a new neighborhood development, a newresidential or commercial building, or even the addition of publictransportation. Each of these may have a positive or negative impact ona business driving more or less energy use due to changes in businessactivity. These types of factors can skew the year-to-year results, butwhen looking at energy use as a percentage and by using a compensationfactor to skew results based on business activity into the equation themodel compensates for these variations.

While lighting may take up 8% in the typical QSR, the lighting energycost is consistent with the opening time and the daylight hours of thebusiness regardless of how many patrons frequent the establishment orfacility. However, when looking at other energy consumption, such asbread baking ovens for example, we may see that the volume of bakinggrows linearly with an uptick in business. Of course, there is somevariance depending on what the patrons order, but if the typical breadbaking oven takes 2% of the energy use for an average operation, onewith twice the volume of bread baking may see this percentage grow to4%. In addition to bread baking, the QSR with twice the volume will alsomake more ice, will need to chill more drinks. There will also likely bemore door openings for the refrigeration units as trays are extracted,and more hot water is needed to clean the trays. Further, with twice asmany people coming in and out the door opens more frequently letting inoutside air, and the addition of bodies into the space also affects theHVAC operation requiring additional cooling or heating cycles dependingon the season. All these factors will drive some percentages lower andothers higher.

As such, a business-related skew is added to the calculations to drivethe interquartile range method in the appropriate direction based onbusiness type and volume with information known about a business'soperation. By adding information about the business volume, theforecasting and modeling for that same business also becomes moreaccurate. By comparing similar businesses with different businessvolumes, one can also ascertain how the volume affects the energy use ofthe various elements used in the business.

Unexpected events can also take place such as changes in regulations,power outages, curfews, natural disasters, and the like. In these cases,it is natural that the energy usage for a particular facility will beaffected and may be affected drastically. Take for example a situationwherein a pandemic has forced the closure of a business or halted theability for patrons to dine indoors. Such an event drastically reducesthe business volume and drastically reduces the energy use. If thebusiness remains operational, for delivery or for takeout orders, it islikely that some level of activity of the various energy consumingdevices will still have to take place. Taking again the QSR Sandwichshop example, assume that the bread oven must run at a minimum once perday if it is doing any business at all to ensure that the bread beingserved is fresh. We can measure a growing business in multiples of breadoven bake cycles. If the shop closes completely, the bake cycles willfall to zero. In this latter case, even the lights will be turned offand thus energy consumption is at a bare minimum maintaining some levelof refrigeration and HVAC for the space alone.

Similar increments for other pieces of equipment can be establishedbased on business volumes. These can include icemakers, drink chillers,heating elements and the like. While some equipment, lights, HVAC, andrefrigeration are less variable, there is still some impact to coolingas more people come in the room and the door opens more often.

Turning now to FIG. 6 . A holistic machine learning approach is depictedat the facilities level. The system looks for anomalies at the equipmentlevel (900) by comparing usage curves to individual performance data(901) comparing this with baseline data (920) previously established forthe same facility, similar facilities, and similar equipment. Thebaseline data (920) is also improved and enhanced as more data isgathered by the system (912).

This individual performance data (901) is made up of usage curves thatthe device will typically exhibit. The system now takes environmentaldata (903), which may be available from external feeds and informationsources, or data captured by peripheral sensors deployed as part of themonitoring system. This Environmental data (903) is overlayed (902) withthe individual equipment performance data (901) and combined in a way asto compensate for the effect that the environmental data may have onthese patterns.

This newly combined model is again adjusted by taking building relateddata (905), which may be available from predefined measurements andrelatively fixed information such as building materials, exposed walls,window areas and room sizes and combined (904) to come up with a furtheradjusted model.

Data about business performance (907) is further added (906) to themodel and includes information from sensors such as occupancy, dooropenings, and cooking cycles, but may also contain traditional businessdata brought about by integration with external accounting systemsshowing actual sales and inventory turns.

The system uses machine learning (908) to adjust the individual devicemodels (901) and combine these into a normalized site model (909) thatremoved the compensation factor and thus the effects of the externalfactors and interactions of devices amongst each other. This provides anormalized set of measurement data that can be used to compare deviceoperation across sites regardless of this outside influence. The systemalso creates a location-tuned set of site performance data (913) whichis used to estimate and baseline the site performance using the sameequipment. This set of data (913) factors in the external factors andinteractions to detect any anomalies that may be outside of normaloperation. For example, when business increases and foot trafficincreases (visible through occupancy sensors and movement), the modeldynamically compensates for more refrigerator door openings, morecooking, and more HVAC requirements. When the lunch time rush subsides,foot traffic reduces, and the system again compensates for this settingdifferent expectations for energy use with the lowered activity/demand.These cycles may be at varying intervals and may be short term such asdaily or weekly cycles but may also be longer term such as schools beingout for summer, roads being closed, or even new construction drivingmore or less business to an area.

When anomalies occur, manual intervention (910) may be initiated whichmay provide further feedback (in addition to the feedback we see fromperformance curves (901), which can be entered (911) to furtherfine-tune and adjust (912) the models. Diagnostics and further tests(913) are also triggered by the system to give additional feedback(911), which again is used to make adjustments (912) to the baseline(920), and each of the models (913, 909, 901) as appropriate.

It is still further understood that certain equipment may have heavierusage at certain times of the day. For example, the business could bebaking bread and the ovens could be drawing a relatively large amount ofpower at certain times of the day. However, at other times the usage maybe much lighter. It is conceived that the system can learn the usageover time and generate usage patterns based on the business patterns.

In addition to individual equipment patterns, the overall pattern ofenergy usage for the facility is also mapped. Unlike the individualdevices where one can clearly see an On and Off cycle and consumptionpattern, the timing between all the equipment operating at a site is notuniform and will necessarily have some variance to it. For this reason,pattern matching is not made at the device level, but rather the deviceusage patterns are extrapolated from the overall usage throughsubmetering. An aggregate usage is derived from these individualreadings along with the reading of the main, or total, energy use.

While understanding the pattern deviations and establishing causes withsome probability is one aspect of the invention, another aspect is theability to automatically correlate the various sensors to better predictand then take automated actions. The establishment of this root causetable and confidence level and the ability of the system to learn andadjust/expand this table are key elements. As the predictions are proventrue, confidence in the determination algorithms increases while whenproven wrong, adjustments are made, and algorithms adjusted.

Turning now to FIG. 7 . We see an example energy usage curve for a pieceof equipment and illustrated compensation table for business andenvironmental factors.

The usage curve (1001) shows the energy usage over time. Normal cycles(1002, 1004) are depicted as well as an abnormal lunch time rush (1003)cycle. This is just one example of a curve where external factors shouldbe compensated for in the estimation of energy usage. Once again, cyclesmay span short periods such as minutes or hours but may also be longerterm such as weekly, monthly or yearly for example.

In the first normal cycle (1002), note that the energy usage is flat(1005) when the compressor is not in use. When the compressor turns on,there is a spike (1006) in usage, followed again by a flatness (1007)when usage stops. The compressor turning on uses energy and this isshown by the area under the curve between (1005, 1006, 1007) depictingthe energy use while the compressor is functioning.

When looking at the lunch time rush cycle (1003) the compressor turningon (1009) and turning off (1010) can also be seen. In this instance, thetime the compressor is off (1008, 1010) is shorter in duration than thetime the compressor is off during the normal cycle (1005, 1007). Also,the time the compressor is on (1009) during the lunch time rush cycle islonger than the time the compressor is on during the normal cycle(1006).

Looking below the curve (1001) a table (1020) of compensation factors isdepicted. First, the column depicting normal cycle durations (1021)shows the expected and duration for events such as compressor on and offin minutes. Column (1026) shows the expected duration during the lunchtime rush cycle based on business and environmental factors. The tableshows sample values and logic for how to compensate for externalfactors, in this case a door sensor. The values read by the externaldoor sensor are shown (1022) and are in this case 10 per minute. Thecompensation factor (1023) shows the logic employed. In this case, whenthe door opens less than 3 times per minute no adjustment is made, butif it opens 5-9 times a minute a factor of 1 is used, whereas greaterthan 9 times a factor of 4 is used for the compressor off time.Similarly, for compressor off time, the example used shows a factor of0, 1 and 2 for the above logic in the table.

A separate set of sensor readings for temperature and humidity feed datainto the table (1024) and these are fed into a calculation (1025), whichalso impacts the compressor on/off times. In this example, thedifference in temperature between the expected delta room value causes achange to both the compressor on/off times by this delta temperature/2

Using the values and formulas depicted (1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025) itcan be seen that for the compressor off time, which is 10 minutes in thenormal operation (1022), adjust this by −4 (1023) because the doorsensor readings (1022) are >9. This leads to a compressor on value of 6.Take the temperature sensor reading (1024) and the formula (1025) andsee that an additional 2-degree variance is present, which should beadjusted by minus 2/2 or 1 degree. This results in an overallcompensated temperature reading adjustment resulting in a predictedcompressor off time of 5 minutes.

Similarly, for compressor on time, using the values and formulasdepicted (1021, 1022,1023,1024,1025) and the normal on time, which is 10minutes (1022), adjust this by +2 (1023) because the door sensorreadings (1022) are >9. Adding the formula (1025) compensation for the2-degree variance, adjust by a further plus 1 degree resulting in apredicted compressor on time of 13 minutes total after adjustments.

These new values are the baseline for compensated and expected operationduring the peak rush hour lunch time. If the compressor readings are outof this range with a given amount of threshold, problems can beaccurately predicted. These values are monitored and machine learning isapplied to tune the model as shown previously in FIG. 6 .

To further highlight the cyclic nature of energy consumption patternsfor installed systems, consider the example of a deep freezer used in arestaurant environment. The freezer may be set for a set point of −20 Fdegrees. When the internal temperature rises to −18, the compressoractivates and starts to cool the freezer until the −20 degree set pointis achieved after which the compressor shuts off. This cycle of coolingand warming creates a pattern that will repeat consistently with theduration of each interval being substantially identical withinreasonable tolerances. These cycles can be seen and measured with theelectrical power or current drawn by the compressor of the unit suchthat one would expect to see a spike in power consumption as theequipment turns on, and a settling into a normalized utilization levelover a period of time the compressor remains on to cool the freezer bythe required two degrees. Following this, it would be expected to see adrop in power utilization when the temperature set point is reached andthe compressor cycles off. It would be expected that the equipment wouldremain off until the freezer gradually warmed up to the preset −18degrees, at that point the cycle would repeat. Each of the cycles in theabove example, which can also be seen in FIG. 7 , exhibits a consistentpattern. It is contemplated that these patterns could be monitored andacted upon to trigger automated actions if there is a noticeable changeor deviation from the expected pattern.

In a normal operating environment, additional variables come into playthat will impact the cycle described above. These variables couldinclude, opening the door of the freezer (the longer the duration andlarger the impact), introduction of warm items into the freezer (thegreater the number of items the larger the impact) and externaltemperature variances (the larger the variance the larger the impact).Other normal periodic operational functions could also impact theseexpected cycles such as defrost cycles. While these factors may vary anexpected pattern, they can be detected and factored into the monitoringsystem because, in most cases, these are only temporary deviations. Forexample, warm items eventually cool down, the air entering the freezerwhile the door is open eventually drops in temperature, and the roomHVAC typically brings the room to a stable operating temperature. Incontrast, variances caused by equipment faults or malfunctions thatrequire intervention will persist as prolonged variances over manycycles.

These cyclical patterns may be understood and characterized at a devicelevel, but when it comes to a complete facility, the interrelationshipsand interdependencies are beyond the scope of these systems. The abilityto 1) correlate a large number of independent variables; 2) to matchthese to known patterns at a holistic level; and 3) to single outanomalies is a key feature needed to truly optimize energy savings for afacility or group of facilities.

The timing of measurements is also noted because it is important todiagnose and monitor when dealing with the equipment at hand. Forexample, an oven in one bakery may consume twice as much energy as onein an equivalent bakery simply because one bakes twice as many bakedgoods. Measuring over a day period or over a time period gives someindication but measuring the cycle of heating from room temperature to agiven temperature say 350 F degrees and keeping an oven at a steady 350F degrees may provide more information about potential equipment issues.If one ever requires additional cycles to maintain a constanttemperature, it may be indicative of a leak or a problem in an elementbeing able to heat efficiently. Similarly, for a freezer, a coolingcycle which is repeated more frequently may indicate a problem with theunit being able to maintain a temperature and could indicate a potentialproblem with a seal. A longer on cycle time may indicate problems withthe coil or compressor.

In considering a typical energy efficiency initiative it can bebeneficial to look at all aspects of the cycle from an initial analysis,through the installation of upgrades and to the eventual monitoring andmaintenance of the system. Initially, an energy audit would be performedwhere the existing facility would be analyzed and faulty, sub-par oraging equipment recognized, and a plan made to upgrade these to set abaseline for the facility. There are a host of different repair andupgrades that can be installed in a facility from lighting, to HVAC topumping and kitchen equipment and the like, all of which can be adjustedfor optimal efficiency.

When deploying new equipment, it should be noted that base linemeasurements regarding such systems should be known and are essential asthey indicate what should be considered normal operating limits andthresholds for the equipment. These limits can be programmed to avoidfalse alarms but also provide early indication of potential problems andensuring that a new piece of equipment performs to the expected norms,something that is otherwise difficult to ascertain without such baselinedata Some thresholds for variability must be set to account for seasonaland environmental variances due to temperature, peak operating hours andother external variables that may affect the energy consumption of thesedevices.

Take for example a typical bakery running their ovens in the morning tobake breads before customers arrive. If business is good, additionalbaking cycles may be added or subtracted depending on the amount ofexpected business. On any given day, the baker may decide to runadditional baking cycles to add bread throughout the day. Theserelationships can become complex and the granularity of measurement mustbe enough to account for such variables to make any determination aboutfunctioning of the oven at hand. In the example above, knowing theoverall energy use of an oven and comparing it over fixed periods like aday may not adequately account for increases in business. However, withenough data one could set a relatively stable energy consumptionmeasurement benchmark to compare the oven's performance.

Some equipment degrades with time and becomes less efficient consumingmore energy. The rate of degradation is variable and will depend onmanufacturer, the components used in the equipment at hand, themaintenance performed on the equipment and how often the equipment isused.

The examples listed above are but a sample of scenarios that become partof the determination a prediction of expected energy reduction that canbe obtained using upgraded equipment or additional sensors and devicesthat help to dynamically regulate or control device operation.

Turning now to FIG. 8 a system is provided that can adjust facilityoperating procedures based on energy management functions. Existingprocesses (1103) are documented and known to the system in a way thatcertain functions should take place at certain frequencies based onbusiness activities.

The system then monitors (1100) the energy consumption and theoperations through sensors and see how devices are turned on or off(1105) as the business is run. If these activities do not align with theestablished processes (1107) manual intervention and recording of eventsis done and changes to processes (1110) are made where appropriate. Evenwhen processes are followed, the system looks for optimization tobilling models (1106) to improve processes where possible. Frequentlyoccurring faults may also be flagged for procedure improvements to avoidthem in future. Such faults could be simply human errors of forgettingto turn off the lights when leaving at night, or a temperaturecontroller failing to change to a night setting.

The following are some parameters that would be advantageous to monitor.These could provide data to adjust the expected power usage pattern orsignature, or they could be independent measurements that could beindependently monitored to lower operating and maintenance costs. Theseparameters are only provided to be illustrative to allow for a betterunderstanding of some types of data that would be advantageous to gatherfor processing by the system and are not intended to be limiting.

Occupancy sensing. Impact: Impacts temperature in the room and can be anindicator of business volume. Action Taken: adjust expected energy usagecurves of equipment that is variable or impacted by volume. While thisis appropriate for businesses that deal with consumers, other businessesmay also monitor movement of boxes (for shipping for example), items ona conveyor belt or assembly line (for production).

Outside Temperature: Impact: Impacts equipment that must heat or cool toset temperatures by affecting the variation in temperature that must beovercome. Action Taken: adjust expected energy usage curves of equipmentthat involve heating or cooling to fixed temperatures.

Window and Door opening/closing: Impact: Impacts equipment that mustheat or cool or dehumidify. Outside door opening can also be indicationof foot traffic and thus business volume. Action Taken: adjust expectedenergy usage curves of equipment that involve heating or cooling tofixed temperatures and correlate openings with business volume. Abnormalevents (door continuously open) may generate alerts.

Preparation of Products: Impact: Depending on the type of equipment, mayImpact room temperature, i.e. ovens will increase room temperature.Increases/decreases in production are indicators of business volume.Action Taken: adjust expected energy usage curves of equipment thatinvolve heating. Abnormal events (oven continuously on or exceedingcalculated business volume expectations) may generate alerts.

Hot water generation: Impact: Increased energy usage to heat water.Indicator of business volume. Action Taken: adjust expected energy usagecurves of equipment that are adjusted with business volume. Excessiveuse which does not match other business indicators may generate alerts(such as leaky pressure release valve, or running faucet)

It should be noted that peripheral sensors can initially measure allthese data points to generate expected baselines for those measurements.While the invention is susceptible to various modifications, andalternative forms, specific examples thereof have been shown in thedrawings and are herein described in detail. Is should be understoodhowever that the invention is not to be limited to the particular formsor methods or embodiments disclosed.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for measuring the functioning ofequipment operating according to a control input, the system comprising:a computer comprising a processor and a memory with a baseline energyusage data for the equipment being stored therein, the computer beingcoupled to a network; a first sensor measuring an energy usage of theequipment during a first measurement period and generating a firstenergy usage data; a second sensor measuring a parameter during thefirst measurement period and generating a second sensor data, whereinthe processor modifies the baseline energy usage data based on the firstenergy usage data and the second sensor data; the first sensor measuresenergy usage of the equipment during a second measurement period andgenerates a second energy usage data; the processor compares the secondenergy usage data to the modified baseline energy usage data todetermine if a threshold has been exceeded; and if the second energyusage data exceeds the threshold, the processor initiates at least oneor more of running the equipment through a diagnostic routine, settingthe equipment to a preset level of operation, setting the equipment to apreset duration of operation, turning the equipment off, cycling theequipment, and generating an alarm.
 2. The system according to claim 1,wherein the first sensor comprises a current sensor.
 3. The systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the second sensor is at least one of acontact sensor, an occupancy sensor, a temperature sensor, a humiditysensor, and a flow sensor.
 4. The system according to claim 1, whereinthe first measurement period includes multiple cycles of operation forthe equipment.
 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the baselineenergy usage signature is based on at least one of a time of day, adate, a geographic location where the equipment is installed, an energyefficiency rating of a building in which the equipment is installed, andhistorical usage data for the equipment.
 6. The system according toclaim 1, wherein the threshold includes magnitude or timingcharacteristics.
 7. The system according to claim 6, wherein thebaseline energy usage data includes at least one of a frequency of thecycling of the equipment, a duration of each cycle, and a magnitude ofenergy usage during each cycle.
 8. The system according to claim 1,wherein the alarm will not be generated until the threshold is exceededfor a pre-determined number of equipment cycles.
 9. The system accordingto claim 1, wherein the alarm is transmitted via email as an alert. 10.The system according to claim 9, wherein the email includes diagnosticor error codes for the equipment.
 11. The system according to claim 1,wherein the threshold comprises a range of energy usage values includingan upper threshold value and the alarm is generated when the secondenergy usage data exceeds the upper threshold value.
 12. The systemaccording to claim 11, wherein the range of energy usage furtherincludes a lower threshold value and the alarm is generated when thesecond energy usage data exceeds either the upper threshold value or thelower threshold value.
 13. The system according to claim 1, wherein thebaseline energy usage data is modified with an operation data set thatcomprises data corresponding to an expected degradation of the equipmentover time.
 14. The system according to claim 13, wherein the operationdata set is derived from a corresponding equipment operating in at leastone other facility and stored in the memory.
 15. A system for measuringthe functioning of equipment operating according to a control input, thesystem comprising: a computer coupled to a network, the computercomprising a processor, and a memory, having baseline energy usage datafor the equipment stored thereon; a current sensor measuring an energyusage of the equipment during a calibration period and generating acalibration energy usage data; a second sensor measuring a parameterduring the calibration period and generating a second sensor data,wherein the processor modifies the baseline energy usage signature basedon the calibration energy usage data and the second sensor data; thecurrent sensor measures energy usage of the equipment during ameasurement period and generates energy usage data; the processorcompares the energy usage data to the modified baseline energy usagedata to determine if a threshold has been exceeded; and if the energyusage data exceeds the threshold, the processor initiates at least oneof running the equipment through a diagnostic routine, setting theequipment to a preset level of operation, setting the equipment to apreset duration of operation, turning the equipment off, cycling theequipment, and generating an alarm.
 16. The system according to claim15, wherein the second sensor is at least one of a contact sensor, anoccupancy sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and a flowsensor.
 17. The system according to claim 15, wherein the thresholdincludes magnitude or timing characteristics.
 18. The system accordingto claim 17, wherein the baseline energy usage data includes at leastone of a frequency of the cycling of the equipment, a duration of eachcycle, and a magnitude of energy usage during each cycle.
 19. The systemaccording to claim 15, wherein the alarm will not be generated until thethreshold is exceeded for a pre-determined number of equipment cycles.20. The system according to claim 15, wherein the alarm is transmittedvia email as an alert.
 21. The system according to claim 20, wherein theemail includes diagnostic or error codes for the equipment.
 22. Thesystem according to claim 15, wherein the threshold comprises a range ofenergy usage values including an upper threshold value, wherein thealarm is generated when the energy usage data exceeds the upperthreshold value.
 23. The system according to claim 22, wherein the rangeof energy usage values further includes a lower threshold value, whereinthe alarm is generated when the energy usage data exceeds either theupper threshold value or the lower threshold value.